lxml.html

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# Source Code for Package lxml.html

       1  # Copyright (c) 2004 Ian Bicking. All rights reserved.
       2  #
       3  # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
       4  # modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
       5  # met:
       6  #
       7  # 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
       8  # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
       9  #
      10  # 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
      11  # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
      12  # the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
      13  # distribution.
      14  #
      15  # 3. Neither the name of Ian Bicking nor the names of its contributors may
      16  # be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
      17  # without specific prior written permission.
      18  #
      19  # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
      20  # "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
      21  # LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
      22  # A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL IAN BICKING OR
      23  # CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
      24  # EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
      25  # PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
      26  # PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
      27  # LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
      28  # NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
      29  # SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
      30
      31  """The ``lxml.html`` tool set for HTML handling.
      32  """
      33
      34  import sys
      35  import re
      36  try:
      37      from urlparse import urljoin
      38  except ImportError:
      39      # Python 3
      40      from urllib.parse import urljoin
      41  import copy
      42  from lxml import etree
      43  from lxml.html import defs
      44  from lxml.html._setmixin import SetMixin
      45  try:
      46      from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
      47  except ImportError:
      48      # Python < 2.6
      49      from UserDict import DictMixin
      50  try:
      51      set
      52  except NameError:
      53      # Python 2.3
      54      from sets import Set as set
      55  try:
      56      bytes
      57  except NameError:
      58      # Python < 2.6
      59      bytes = str
      60  try:
      61      unicode
      62  except NameError:
      63      # Python 3
      64      unicode = str
      65  try:
      66      basestring
      67  except NameError:
      68      # Python 3
      69      basestring = (str, bytes)
      70
      71 -def __fix_docstring(s):
      72      if not s:
      73          return s
      74      import sys
      75      if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
      76          sub = re.compile(r"^(\s*)u'", re.M).sub
      77      else:
      78          sub = re.compile(r"^(\s*)b'", re.M).sub
      79      return sub(r"\1'", s)
      80
      81  __all__ = [
      82      'document_fromstring', 'fragment_fromstring', 'fragments_fromstring', 'fromstring',
      83      'tostring', 'Element', 'defs', 'open_in_browser', 'submit_form',
      84      'find_rel_links', 'find_class', 'make_links_absolute',
      85      'resolve_base_href', 'iterlinks', 'rewrite_links', 'open_in_browser', 'parse']
      86
      87  XHTML_NAMESPACE = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
      88
      89  _rel_links_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::a[@rel]|descendant-or-self::x:a[@rel]",
      90                                 namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
      91  _options_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::option|descendant-or-self::x:option",
      92                               namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
      93  _forms_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::form|descendant-or-self::x:form",
      94                             namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
      95  #_class_xpath = etree.XPath(r"descendant-or-self::*[regexp:match(@class, concat('\b', $class_name, '\b'))]", {'regexp': 'http://exslt.org/regular-expressions'})
      96  _class_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::*[@class and contains(concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), concat(' ', $class_name, ' '))]")
      97  _id_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::*[@id=$id]")
      98  _collect_string_content = etree.XPath("string()")
      99  _iter_css_urls = re.compile(r'url\(('+'["][^"]*["]|'+"['][^']*[']|"+r'[^)]*)\)', re.I).finditer
     100  _iter_css_imports = re.compile(r'@import "(.*?)"').finditer
     101  _label_xpath = etree.XPath("//label[@for=$id]|//x:label[@for=$id]",
     102                             namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
     103  _archive_re = re.compile(r'[^ ]+')
     104  _parse_meta_refresh_url = re.compile(
     105      r'[^;=]*;\s*(?:url\s*=\s*)?(?P<url>.*)$', re.I).search
     106
     107
     108 -def _unquote_match(s, pos):
     109      if s[:1] == '"' and s[-1:] == '"' or s[:1] == "'" and s[-1:] == "'":
     110          return s[1:-1], pos+1
     111      else:
     112          return s,pos
     113
     114 -def _transform_result(typ, result):
     115      """Convert the result back into the input type.
     116      """
     117      if issubclass(typ, bytes):
     118          return tostring(result, encoding='utf-8')
     119      elif issubclass(typ, unicode):
     120          return tostring(result, encoding='unicode')
     121      else:
     122          return result
     123
     124 -def _nons(tag):
     125      if isinstance(tag, basestring):
     126          if tag[0] == '{' and tag[1:len(XHTML_NAMESPACE)+1] == XHTML_NAMESPACE:
     127              return tag.split('}')[-1]
     128      return tag
     129
     130 -class HtmlMixin(object):
     131
     132 -    def base_url(self):
     133          """
     134          Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.
     135
     136          Use with ``urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)`` to get
     137          absolute URLs.
     138          """
     139          return self.getroottree().docinfo.URL
     140      base_url = property(base_url, doc=base_url.__doc__)
     141
     142 -    def forms(self):
     143          """
     144          Return a list of all the forms
     145          """
     146          return _forms_xpath(self)
     147      forms = property(forms, doc=forms.__doc__)
     148
     149 -    def body(self):
     150          """
     151          Return the <body> element.  Can be called from a child element
     152          to get the document's head.
     153          """
     154          return self.xpath('//body|//x:body', namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})[0]
     155      body = property(body, doc=body.__doc__)
     156
     157 -    def head(self):
     158          """
     159          Returns the <head> element.  Can be called from a child
     160          element to get the document's head.
     161          """
     162          return self.xpath('//head|//x:head', namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})[0]
     163      head = property(head, doc=head.__doc__)
     164
     165 -    def _label__get(self):
     166          """
     167          Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.
     168          """
     169          id = self.get('id')
     170          if not id:
     171              return None
     172          result = _label_xpath(self, id=id)
     173          if not result:
     174              return None
     175          else:
     176              return result[0]
     177 -    def _label__set(self, label):
     178          id = self.get('id')
     179          if not id:
     180              raise TypeError(
     181                  "You cannot set a label for an element (%r) that has no id"
     182                  % self)
     183          if _nons(label.tag) != 'label':
     184              raise TypeError(
     185                  "You can only assign label to a label element (not %r)"
     186                  % label)
     187          label.set('for', id)
     188 -    def _label__del(self):
     189          label = self.label
     190          if label is not None:
     191              del label.attrib['for']
     192      label = property(_label__get, _label__set, _label__del, doc=_label__get.__doc__)
     193
     194 -    def drop_tree(self):
     195          """
     196          Removes this element from the tree, including its children and
     197          text.  The tail text is joined to the previous element or
     198          parent.
     199          """
     200          parent = self.getparent()
     201          assert parent is not None
     202          if self.tail:
     203              previous = self.getprevious()
     204              if previous is None:
     205                  parent.text = (parent.text or '') + self.tail
     206              else:
     207                  previous.tail = (previous.tail or '') + self.tail
     208          parent.remove(self)
     209
     210 -    def drop_tag(self):
     211          """
     212          Remove the tag, but not its children or text.  The children and text
     213          are merged into the parent.
     214
     215          Example::
     216
     217              >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
     218              >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
     219              >>> print(tostring(h, encoding='unicode'))
     220              <div>Hello World!</div>
     221          """
     222          parent = self.getparent()
     223          assert parent is not None
     224          previous = self.getprevious()
     225          if self.text and isinstance(self.tag, basestring):
     226              # not a Comment, etc.
     227              if previous is None:
     228                  parent.text = (parent.text or '') + self.text
     229              else:
     230                  previous.tail = (previous.tail or '') + self.text
     231          if self.tail:
     232              if len(self):
     233                  last = self[-1]
     234                  last.tail = (last.tail or '') + self.tail
     235              elif previous is None:
     236                  parent.text = (parent.text or '') + self.tail
     237              else:
     238                  previous.tail = (previous.tail or '') + self.tail
     239          index = parent.index(self)
     240          parent[index:index+1] = self[:]
     241
     242 -    def find_rel_links(self, rel):
     243          """
     244          Find any links like ``<a rel="{rel}">...</a>``; returns a list of elements.
     245          """
     246          rel = rel.lower()
     247          return [el for el in _rel_links_xpath(self)
     248                  if el.get('rel').lower() == rel]
     249
     250 -    def find_class(self, class_name):
     251          """
     252          Find any elements with the given class name.
     253          """
     254          return _class_xpath(self, class_name=class_name)
     255
     256 -    def get_element_by_id(self, id, *default):
     257          """
     258          Get the first element in a document with the given id.  If none is
     259          found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError
     260          otherwise.
     261
     262          Note that there can be more than one element with the same id,
     263          and this isn't uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild.
     264          Browsers return only the first match, and this function does
     265          the same.
     266          """
     267          try:
     268              # FIXME: should this check for multiple matches?
     269              # browsers just return the first one
     270              return _id_xpath(self, id=id)[0]
     271          except IndexError:
     272              if default:
     273                  return default[0]
     274              else:
     275                  raise KeyError(id)
     276
     277 -    def text_content(self):
     278          """
     279          Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).
     280          """
     281          return _collect_string_content(self)
     282
     283 -    def cssselect(self, expr, translator='html'):
     284          """
     285          Run the CSS expression on this element and its children,
     286          returning a list of the results.
     287
     288          Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr, translator='html')(self)
     289          -- note that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial
     290          speedup.
     291          """
     292          # Do the import here to make the dependency optional.
     293          from lxml.cssselect import CSSSelector
     294          return CSSSelector(expr, translator=translator)(self)
     295
     296      ########################################
     297      ## Link functions
     298      ########################################
     299
     300 -    def make_links_absolute(self, base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True,
     301                              handle_failures=None):
     302          """
     303          Make all links in the document absolute, given the
     304          ``base_url`` for the document (the full URL where the document
     305          came from), or if no ``base_url`` is given, then the ``.base_url``
     306          of the document.
     307
     308          If ``resolve_base_href`` is true, then any ``<base href>``
     309          tags in the document are used *and* removed from the document.
     310          If it is false then any such tag is ignored.
     311
     312          If ``handle_failures`` is None (default), a failure to process
     313          a URL will abort the processing.  If set to 'ignore', errors
     314          are ignored.  If set to 'discard', failing URLs will be removed.
     315          """
     316          if base_url is None:
     317              base_url = self.base_url
     318              if base_url is None:
     319                  raise TypeError(
     320                      "No base_url given, and the document has no base_url")
     321          if resolve_base_href:
     322              self.resolve_base_href()
     323
     324          if handle_failures == 'ignore':
     325              def link_repl(href):
     326                  try:
     327                      return urljoin(base_url, href)
     328                  except ValueError:
     329                      return href
     330          elif handle_failures == 'discard':
     331              def link_repl(href):
     332                  try:
     333                      return urljoin(base_url, href)
     334                  except ValueError:
     335                      return None
     336          elif handle_failures is None:
     337              def link_repl(href):
     338                  return urljoin(base_url, href)
     339          else:
     340              raise ValueError(
     341                  "unexpected value for handle_failures: %r" % handle_failures)
     342
     343          self.rewrite_links(link_repl)
     344
     345 -    def resolve_base_href(self, handle_failures=None):
     346          """
     347          Find any ``<base href>`` tag in the document, and apply its
     348          values to all links found in the document.  Also remove the
     349          tag once it has been applied.
     350
     351          If ``handle_failures`` is None (default), a failure to process
     352          a URL will abort the processing.  If set to 'ignore', errors
     353          are ignored.  If set to 'discard', failing URLs will be removed.
     354          """
     355          base_href = None
     356          basetags = self.xpath('//base[@href]|//x:base[@href]',
     357                                namespaces={'x': XHTML_NAMESPACE})
     358          for b in basetags:
     359              base_href = b.get('href')
     360              b.drop_tree()
     361          if not base_href:
     362              return
     363          self.make_links_absolute(base_href, resolve_base_href=False,
     364                                   handle_failures=handle_failures)
     365
     366 -    def iterlinks(self):
     367          """
     368          Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None
     369          (indicating the link is in the text).  ``pos`` is the position
     370          where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in
     371          the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.
     372
     373          Note: <base href> is *not* taken into account in any way.  The
     374          link you get is exactly the link in the document.
     375
     376          Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or
     377          attribute value are returned in reversed order.  This makes it
     378          possible to replace or delete them from the text string value
     379          based on their reported text positions.  Otherwise, a
     380          modification at one text position can change the positions of
     381          links reported later on.
     382          """
     383          link_attrs = defs.link_attrs
     384          for el in self.iter(etree.Element):
     385              attribs = el.attrib
     386              tag = _nons(el.tag)
     387              if tag == 'object':
     388                  codebase = None
     389                  ## <object> tags have attributes that are relative to
     390                  ## codebase
     391                  if 'codebase' in attribs:
     392                      codebase = el.get('codebase')
     393                      yield (el, 'codebase', codebase, 0)
     394                  for attrib in ('classid', 'data'):
     395                      if attrib in attribs:
     396                          value = el.get(attrib)
     397                          if codebase is not None:
     398                              value = urljoin(codebase, value)
     399                          yield (el, attrib, value, 0)
     400                  if 'archive' in attribs:
     401                      for match in _archive_re.finditer(el.get('archive')):
     402                          value = match.group(0)
     403                          if codebase is not None:
     404                              value = urljoin(codebase, value)
     405                          yield (el, 'archive', value, match.start())
     406              else:
     407                  for attrib in link_attrs:
     408                      if attrib in attribs:
     409                          yield (el, attrib, attribs[attrib], 0)
     410              if tag == 'meta':
     411                  http_equiv = attribs.get('http-equiv', '').lower()
     412                  if http_equiv == 'refresh':
     413                      content = attribs.get('content', '')
     414                      match = _parse_meta_refresh_url(content)
     415                      url = (match.group('url') if match else content).strip()
     416                      # unexpected content means the redirect won't work, but we might
     417                      # as well be permissive and return the entire string.
     418                      if url:
     419                          url, pos = _unquote_match(
     420                              url, match.start('url') if match else content.find(url))
     421                          yield (el, 'content', url, pos)
     422              elif tag == 'param':
     423                  valuetype = el.get('valuetype') or ''
     424                  if valuetype.lower() == 'ref':
     425                      ## FIXME: while it's fine we *find* this link,
     426                      ## according to the spec we aren't supposed to
     427                      ## actually change the value, including resolving
     428                      ## it.  It can also still be a link, even if it
     429                      ## doesn't have a valuetype="ref" (which seems to be the norm)
     430                      ## http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/objects.html#adef-valuetype
     431                      yield (el, 'value', el.get('value'), 0)
     432              elif tag == 'style' and el.text:
     433                  urls = [
     434                      # (start_pos, url)
     435                      _unquote_match(match.group(1), match.start(1))[::-1]
     436                      for match in _iter_css_urls(el.text)
     437                      ] + [
     438                      (match.start(1), match.group(1))
     439                      for match in _iter_css_imports(el.text)
     440                      ]
     441                  if urls:
     442                      # sort by start pos to bring both match sets back into order
     443                      # and reverse the list to report correct positions despite
     444                      # modifications
     445                      urls.sort(reverse=True)
     446                      for start, url in urls:
     447                          yield (el, None, url, start)
     448              if 'style' in attribs:
     449                  urls = list(_iter_css_urls(attribs['style']))
     450                  if urls:
     451                      # return in reversed order to simplify in-place modifications
     452                      for match in urls[::-1]:
     453                          url, start = _unquote_match(match.group(1), match.start(1))
     454                          yield (el, 'style', url, start)
     455
     456 -    def rewrite_links(self, link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True,
     457                        base_href=None):
     458          """
     459          Rewrite all the links in the document.  For each link
     460          ``link_repl_func(link)`` will be called, and the return value
     461          will replace the old link.
     462
     463          Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called
     464          ``make_links_absolute()``), and may be internal (e.g.,
     465          ``'#anchor'``).  They can also be values like
     466          ``'mailto:email'`` or ``'javascript:expr'``.
     467
     468          If you give ``base_href`` then all links passed to
     469          ``link_repl_func()`` will take that into account.
     470
     471          If the ``link_repl_func`` returns None, the attribute or
     472          tag text will be removed completely.
     473          """
     474          if base_href is not None:
     475              # FIXME: this can be done in one pass with a wrapper
     476              # around link_repl_func
     477              self.make_links_absolute(
     478                  base_href, resolve_base_href=resolve_base_href)
     479          elif resolve_base_href:
     480              self.resolve_base_href()
     481
     482          for el, attrib, link, pos in self.iterlinks():
     483              new_link = link_repl_func(link.strip())
     484              if new_link == link:
     485                  continue
     486              if new_link is None:
     487                  # Remove the attribute or element content
     488                  if attrib is None:
     489                      el.text = ''
     490                  else:
     491                      del el.attrib[attrib]
     492                  continue
     493
     494              if attrib is None:
     495                  new = el.text[:pos] + new_link + el.text[pos+len(link):]
     496                  el.text = new
     497              else:
     498                  cur = el.get(attrib)
     499                  if not pos and len(cur) == len(link):
     500                      new = new_link  # most common case
     501                  else:
     502                      new = cur[:pos] + new_link + cur[pos+len(link):]
     503                  el.set(attrib, new)
     504
     505
     506 -class _MethodFunc(object):
     507      """
     508      An object that represents a method on an element as a function;
     509      the function takes either an element or an HTML string.  It
     510      returns whatever the function normally returns, or if the function
     511      works in-place (and so returns None) it returns a serialized form
     512      of the resulting document.
     513      """
     514 -    def __init__(self, name, copy=False, source_class=HtmlMixin):
     515          self.name = name
     516          self.copy = copy
     517          self.__doc__ = getattr(source_class, self.name).__doc__
     518 -    def __call__(self, doc, *args, **kw):
     519          result_type = type(doc)
     520          if isinstance(doc, basestring):
     521              if 'copy' in kw:
     522                  raise TypeError(
     523                      "The keyword 'copy' can only be used with element inputs to %s, not a string input" % self.name)
     524              doc = fromstring(doc, **kw)
     525          else:
     526              if 'copy' in kw:
     527                  make_a_copy = kw.pop('copy')
     528              else:
     529                  make_a_copy = self.copy
     530              if make_a_copy:
     531                  doc = copy.deepcopy(doc)
     532          meth = getattr(doc, self.name)
     533          result = meth(*args, **kw)
     534          # FIXME: this None test is a bit sloppy
     535          if result is None:
     536              # Then return what we got in
     537              return _transform_result(result_type, doc)
     538          else:
     539              return result
     540
     541  find_rel_links = _MethodFunc('find_rel_links', copy=False)
     542  find_class = _MethodFunc('find_class', copy=False)
     543  make_links_absolute = _MethodFunc('make_links_absolute', copy=True)
     544  resolve_base_href = _MethodFunc('resolve_base_href', copy=True)
     545  iterlinks = _MethodFunc('iterlinks', copy=False)
     546  rewrite_links = _MethodFunc('rewrite_links', copy=True)
     547
     548 -class HtmlComment(etree.CommentBase, HtmlMixin):
     549      pass
     550
     551 -class HtmlElement(etree.ElementBase, HtmlMixin):
     552      pass
     553
     554 -class HtmlProcessingInstruction(etree.PIBase, HtmlMixin):
     555      pass
     556
     557 -class HtmlEntity(etree.EntityBase, HtmlMixin):
     558      pass
     559
     560
     561 -class HtmlElementClassLookup(etree.CustomElementClassLookup):
     562      """A lookup scheme for HTML Element classes.
     563
     564      To create a lookup instance with different Element classes, pass a tag
     565      name mapping of Element classes in the ``classes`` keyword argument and/or
     566      a tag name mapping of Mixin classes in the ``mixins`` keyword argument.
     567      The special key '*' denotes a Mixin class that should be mixed into all
     568      Element classes.
     569      """
     570      _default_element_classes = {}
     571
     572 -    def __init__(self, classes=None, mixins=None):
     573          etree.CustomElementClassLookup.__init__(self)
     574          if classes is None:
     575              classes = self._default_element_classes.copy()
     576          if mixins:
     577              mixers = {}
     578              for name, value in mixins:
     579                  if name == '*':
     580                      for n in classes.keys():
     581                          mixers.setdefault(n, []).append(value)
     582                  else:
     583                      mixers.setdefault(name, []).append(value)
     584              for name, mix_bases in mixers.items():
     585                  cur = classes.get(name, HtmlElement)
     586                  bases = tuple(mix_bases + [cur])
     587                  classes[name] = type(cur.__name__, bases, {})
     588          self._element_classes = classes
     589
     590 -    def lookup(self, node_type, document, namespace, name):
     591          if node_type == 'element':
     592              return self._element_classes.get(name.lower(), HtmlElement)
     593          elif node_type == 'comment':
     594              return HtmlComment
     595          elif node_type == 'PI':
     596              return HtmlProcessingInstruction
     597          elif node_type == 'entity':
     598              return HtmlEntity
     599          # Otherwise normal lookup
     600          return None
     601
     602  ################################################################################
     603  # parsing
     604  ################################################################################
     605
     606  _looks_like_full_html_unicode = re.compile(
     607      unicode(r'^\s*<(?:html|!doctype)'), re.I).match
     608  _looks_like_full_html_bytes = re.compile(
     609      r'^\s*<(?:html|!doctype)'.encode('ascii'), re.I).match
     610
     611 -def document_fromstring(html, parser=None, ensure_head_body=False, **kw):
     612      if parser is None:
     613          parser = html_parser
     614      value = etree.fromstring(html, parser, **kw)
     615      if value is None:
     616          raise etree.ParserError(
     617              "Document is empty")
     618      if ensure_head_body and value.find('head') is None:
     619          value.insert(0, Element('head'))
     620      if ensure_head_body and value.find('body') is None:
     621          value.append(Element('body'))
     622      return value
     623
     624 -def fragments_fromstring(html, no_leading_text=False, base_url=None,
     625                           parser=None, **kw):
     626      """
     627      Parses several HTML elements, returning a list of elements.
     628
     629      The first item in the list may be a string (though leading
     630      whitespace is removed).  If no_leading_text is true, then it will
     631      be an error if there is leading text, and it will always be a list
     632      of only elements.
     633
     634      base_url will set the document's base_url attribute (and the tree's docinfo.URL)
     635      """
     636      if parser is None:
     637          parser = html_parser
     638      # FIXME: check what happens when you give html with a body, head, etc.
     639      if isinstance(html, bytes):
     640          if not _looks_like_full_html_bytes(html):
     641              # can't use %-formatting in early Py3 versions
     642              html = ('<html><body>'.encode('ascii') + html +
     643                      '</body></html>'.encode('ascii'))
     644      else:
     645          if not _looks_like_full_html_unicode(html):
     646              html = '<html><body>%s</body></html>' % html
     647      doc = document_fromstring(html, parser=parser, base_url=base_url, **kw)
     648      assert _nons(doc.tag) == 'html'
     649      bodies = [e for e in doc if _nons(e.tag) == 'body']
     650      assert len(bodies) == 1, ("too many bodies: %r in %r" % (bodies, html))
     651      body = bodies[0]
     652      elements = []
     653      if no_leading_text and body.text and body.text.strip():
     654          raise etree.ParserError(
     655              "There is leading text: %r" % body.text)
     656      if body.text and body.text.strip():
     657          elements.append(body.text)
     658      elements.extend(body)
     659      # FIXME: removing the reference to the parent artificial document
     660      # would be nice
     661      return elements
     662
     663 -def fragment_fromstring(html, create_parent=False, base_url=None,
     664                          parser=None, **kw):
     665      """
     666      Parses a single HTML element; it is an error if there is more than
     667      one element, or if anything but whitespace precedes or follows the
     668      element.
     669
     670      If ``create_parent`` is true (or is a tag name) then a parent node
     671      will be created to encapsulate the HTML in a single element.  In this
     672      case, leading or trailing text is also allowed, as are multiple elements
     673      as result of the parsing.
     674
     675      Passing a ``base_url`` will set the document's ``base_url`` attribute
     676      (and the tree's docinfo.URL).
     677      """
     678      if parser is None:
     679          parser = html_parser
     680
     681      accept_leading_text = bool(create_parent)
     682
     683      elements = fragments_fromstring(
     684          html, parser=parser, no_leading_text=not accept_leading_text,
     685          base_url=base_url, **kw)
     686
     687      if create_parent:
     688          if not isinstance(create_parent, basestring):
     689              create_parent = 'div'
     690          new_root = Element(create_parent)
     691          if elements:
     692              if isinstance(elements[0], basestring):
     693                  new_root.text = elements[0]
     694                  del elements[0]
     695              new_root.extend(elements)
     696          return new_root
     697
     698      if not elements:
     699          raise etree.ParserError('No elements found')
     700      if len(elements) > 1:
     701          raise etree.ParserError(
     702              "Multiple elements found (%s)"
     703              % ', '.join([_element_name(e) for e in elements]))
     704      el = elements[0]
     705      if el.tail and el.tail.strip():
     706          raise etree.ParserError(
     707              "Element followed by text: %r" % el.tail)
     708      el.tail = None
     709      return el
     710
     711 -def fromstring(html, base_url=None, parser=None, **kw):
     712      """
     713      Parse the html, returning a single element/document.
     714
     715      This tries to minimally parse the chunk of text, without knowing if it
     716      is a fragment or a document.
     717
     718      base_url will set the document's base_url attribute (and the tree's docinfo.URL)
     719      """
     720      if parser is None:
     721          parser = html_parser
     722      if isinstance(html, bytes):
     723          is_full_html = _looks_like_full_html_bytes(html)
     724      else:
     725          is_full_html = _looks_like_full_html_unicode(html)
     726      doc = document_fromstring(html, parser=parser, base_url=base_url, **kw)
     727      if is_full_html:
     728          return doc
     729      # otherwise, lets parse it out...
     730      bodies = doc.findall('body')
     731      if not bodies:
     732          bodies = doc.findall('{%s}body' % XHTML_NAMESPACE)
     733      if bodies:
     734          body = bodies[0]
     735          if len(bodies) > 1:
     736              # Somehow there are multiple bodies, which is bad, but just
     737              # smash them into one body
     738              for other_body in bodies[1:]:
     739                  if other_body.text:
     740                      if len(body):
     741                          body[-1].tail = (body[-1].tail or '') + other_body.text
     742                      else:
     743                          body.text = (body.text or '') + other_body.text
     744                  body.extend(other_body)
     745                  # We'll ignore tail
     746                  # I guess we are ignoring attributes too
     747                  other_body.drop_tree()
     748      else:
     749          body = None
     750      heads = doc.findall('head')
     751      if not heads:
     752          heads = doc.findall('{%s}head' % XHTML_NAMESPACE)
     753      if heads:
     754          # Well, we have some sort of structure, so lets keep it all
     755          head = heads[0]
     756          if len(heads) > 1:
     757              for other_head in heads[1:]:
     758                  head.extend(other_head)
     759                  # We don't care about text or tail in a head
     760                  other_head.drop_tree()
     761          return doc
     762      if body is None:
     763          return doc
     764      if (len(body) == 1 and (not body.text or not body.text.strip())
     765          and (not body[-1].tail or not body[-1].tail.strip())):
     766          # The body has just one element, so it was probably a single
     767          # element passed in
     768          return body[0]
     769      # Now we have a body which represents a bunch of tags which have the
     770      # content that was passed in.  We will create a fake container, which
     771      # is the body tag, except <body> implies too much structure.
     772      if _contains_block_level_tag(body):
     773          body.tag = 'div'
     774      else:
     775          body.tag = 'span'
     776      return body
     777
     778 -def parse(filename_or_url, parser=None, base_url=None, **kw):
     779      """
     780      Parse a filename, URL, or file-like object into an HTML document
     781      tree.  Note: this returns a tree, not an element.  Use
     782      ``parse(...).getroot()`` to get the document root.
     783
     784      You can override the base URL with the ``base_url`` keyword.  This
     785      is most useful when parsing from a file-like object.
     786      """
     787      if parser is None:
     788          parser = html_parser
     789      return etree.parse(filename_or_url, parser, base_url=base_url, **kw)
     790
     791 -def _contains_block_level_tag(el):
     792      # FIXME: I could do this with XPath, but would that just be
     793      # unnecessarily slow?
     794      for el in el.iter(etree.Element):
     795          if _nons(el.tag) in defs.block_tags:
     796              return True
     797      return False
     798
     799 -def _element_name(el):
     800      if isinstance(el, etree.CommentBase):
     801          return 'comment'
     802      elif isinstance(el, basestring):
     803          return 'string'
     804      else:
     805          return _nons(el.tag)
     806
     807  ################################################################################
     808  # form handling
     809  ################################################################################
     810
     811 -class FormElement(HtmlElement):
     812      """
     813      Represents a <form> element.
     814      """
     815
     816 -    def inputs(self):
     817          """
     818          Returns an accessor for all the input elements in the form.
     819
     820          See `InputGetter` for more information about the object.
     821          """
     822          return InputGetter(self)
     823      inputs = property(inputs, doc=inputs.__doc__)
     824
     825 -    def _fields__get(self):
     826          """
     827          Dictionary-like object that represents all the fields in this
     828          form.  You can set values in this dictionary to effect the
     829          form.
     830          """
     831          return FieldsDict(self.inputs)
     832 -    def _fields__set(self, value):
     833          prev_keys = self.fields.keys()
     834          for key, value in value.items():
     835              if key in prev_keys:
     836                  prev_keys.remove(key)
     837              self.fields[key] = value
     838          for key in prev_keys:
     839              if key is None:
     840                  # Case of an unnamed input; these aren't really
     841                  # expressed in form_values() anyway.
     842                  continue
     843              self.fields[key] = None
     844
     845      fields = property(_fields__get, _fields__set, doc=_fields__get.__doc__)
     846
     847 -    def _name(self):
     848          if self.get('name'):
     849              return self.get('name')
     850          elif self.get('id'):
     851              return '#' + self.get('id')
     852          forms = list(self.body.iter('form'))
     853          if not forms:
     854              forms = list(self.body.iter('{%s}form' % XHTML_NAMESPACE))
     855          return str(forms.index(self))
     856
     857 -    def form_values(self):
     858          """
     859          Return a list of tuples of the field values for the form.
     860          This is suitable to be passed to ``urllib.urlencode()``.
     861          """
     862          results = []
     863          for el in self.inputs:
     864              name = el.name
     865              if not name:
     866                  continue
     867              tag = _nons(el.tag)
     868              if tag == 'textarea':
     869                  results.append((name, el.value))
     870              elif tag == 'select':
     871                  value = el.value
     872                  if el.multiple:
     873                      for v in value:
     874                          results.append((name, v))
     875                  elif value is not None:
     876                      results.append((name, el.value))
     877              else:
     878                  assert tag == 'input', (
     879                      "Unexpected tag: %r" % el)
     880                  if el.checkable and not el.checked:
     881                      continue
     882                  if el.type in ('submit', 'image', 'reset'):
     883                      continue
     884                  value = el.value
     885                  if value is not None:
     886                      results.append((name, el.value))
     887          return results
     888
     889 -    def _action__get(self):
     890          """
     891          Get/set the form's ``action`` attribute.
     892          """
     893          base_url = self.base_url
     894          action = self.get('action')
     895          if base_url and action is not None:
     896              return urljoin(base_url, action)
     897          else:
     898              return action
     899 -    def _action__set(self, value):
     900          self.set('action', value)
     901 -    def _action__del(self):
     902          if 'action' in self.attrib:
     903              del self.attrib['action']
     904      action = property(_action__get, _action__set, _action__del, doc=_action__get.__doc__)
     905
     906 -    def _method__get(self):
     907          """
     908          Get/set the form's method.  Always returns a capitalized
     909          string, and defaults to ``'GET'``
     910          """
     911          return self.get('method', 'GET').upper()
     912 -    def _method__set(self, value):
     913          self.set('method', value.upper())
     914      method = property(_method__get, _method__set, doc=_method__get.__doc__)
     915
     916  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['form'] = FormElement
     917
     918 -def submit_form(form, extra_values=None, open_http=None):
     919      """
     920      Helper function to submit a form.  Returns a file-like object, as from
     921      ``urllib.urlopen()``.  This object also has a ``.geturl()`` function,
     922      which shows the URL if there were any redirects.
     923
     924      You can use this like::
     925
     926          form = doc.forms[0]
     927          form.inputs['foo'].value = 'bar' # etc
     928          response = form.submit()
     929          doc = parse(response)
     930          doc.make_links_absolute(response.geturl())
     931
     932      To change the HTTP requester, pass a function as ``open_http`` keyword
     933      argument that opens the URL for you.  The function must have the following
     934      signature::
     935
     936          open_http(method, URL, values)
     937
     938      The action is one of 'GET' or 'POST', the URL is the target URL as a
     939      string, and the values are a sequence of ``(name, value)`` tuples with the
     940      form data.
     941      """
     942      values = form.form_values()
     943      if extra_values:
     944          if hasattr(extra_values, 'items'):
     945              extra_values = extra_values.items()
     946          values.extend(extra_values)
     947      if open_http is None:
     948          open_http = open_http_urllib
     949      if form.action:
     950          url = form.action
     951      else:
     952          url = form.base_url
     953      return open_http(form.method, url, values)
     954
     955 -def open_http_urllib(method, url, values):
     956      if not url:
     957          raise ValueError("cannot submit, no URL provided")
     958      ## FIXME: should test that it's not a relative URL or something
     959      try:
     960          from urllib import urlencode, urlopen
     961      except ImportError: # Python 3
     962          from urllib.request import urlopen
     963          from urllib.parse import urlencode
     964      if method == 'GET':
     965          if '?' in url:
     966              url += '&'
     967          else:
     968              url += '?'
     969          url += urlencode(values)
     970          data = None
     971      else:
     972          data = urlencode(values)
     973      return urlopen(url, data)
     974
     975 -class FieldsDict(DictMixin):
     976
     977 -    def __init__(self, inputs):
     978          self.inputs = inputs
     979 -    def __getitem__(self, item):
     980          return self.inputs[item].value
     981 -    def __setitem__(self, item, value):
     982          self.inputs[item].value = value
     983 -    def __delitem__(self, item):
     984          raise KeyError(
     985              "You cannot remove keys from ElementDict")
     986 -    def keys(self):
     987          return self.inputs.keys()
     988 -    def __contains__(self, item):
     989          return item in self.inputs
     990 -    def __iter__(self):
     991          return iter(self.inputs.keys())
     992 -    def __len__(self):
     993          return len(self.inputs)
     994
     995 -    def __repr__(self):
     996          return '<%s for form %s>' % (
     997              self.__class__.__name__,
     998              self.inputs.form._name())
     999
    1000 -class InputGetter(object):
    1001
    1002      """
    1003      An accessor that represents all the input fields in a form.
    1004
    1005      You can get fields by name from this, with
    1006      ``form.inputs['field_name']``.  If there are a set of checkboxes
    1007      with the same name, they are returned as a list (a `CheckboxGroup`
    1008      which also allows value setting).  Radio inputs are handled
    1009      similarly.
    1010
    1011      You can also iterate over this to get all input elements.  This
    1012      won't return the same thing as if you get all the names, as
    1013      checkboxes and radio elements are returned individually.
    1014      """
    1015
    1016      _name_xpath = etree.XPath(".//*[@name = $name and (local-name(.) = 'select' or local-name(.) = 'input' or local-name(.) = 'textarea')]")
    1017      _all_xpath = etree.XPath(".//*[local-name() = 'select' or local-name() = 'input' or local-name() = 'textarea']")
    1018
    1019 -    def __init__(self, form):
    1020          self.form = form
    1021
    1022 -    def __repr__(self):
    1023          return '<%s for form %s>' % (
    1024              self.__class__.__name__,
    1025              self.form._name())
    1026
    1027      ## FIXME: there should be more methods, and it's unclear if this is
    1028      ## a dictionary-like object or list-like object
    1029
    1030 -    def __getitem__(self, name):
    1031          results = self._name_xpath(self.form, name=name)
    1032          if results:
    1033              type = results[0].get('type')
    1034              if type == 'radio' and len(results) > 1:
    1035                  group = RadioGroup(results)
    1036                  group.name = name
    1037                  return group
    1038              elif type == 'checkbox' and len(results) > 1:
    1039                  group = CheckboxGroup(results)
    1040                  group.name = name
    1041                  return group
    1042              else:
    1043                  # I don't like throwing away elements like this
    1044                  return results[0]
    1045          else:
    1046              raise KeyError(
    1047                  "No input element with the name %r" % name)
    1048
    1049 -    def __contains__(self, name):
    1050          results = self._name_xpath(self.form, name=name)
    1051          return bool(results)
    1052
    1053 -    def keys(self):
    1054          names = set()
    1055          for el in self:
    1056              names.add(el.name)
    1057          if None in names:
    1058              names.remove(None)
    1059          return list(names)
    1060
    1061 -    def __iter__(self):
    1062          ## FIXME: kind of dumb to turn a list into an iterator, only
    1063          ## to have it likely turned back into a list again :(
    1064          return iter(self._all_xpath(self.form))
    1065
    1066 -class InputMixin(object):
    1067
    1068      """
    1069      Mix-in for all input elements (input, select, and textarea)
    1070      """
    1071
    1072
    1073 -    def _name__get(self):
    1074          """
    1075          Get/set the name of the element
    1076          """
    1077          return self.get('name')
    1078 -    def _name__set(self, value):
    1079          self.set('name', value)
    1080 -    def _name__del(self):
    1081          if 'name' in self.attrib:
    1082              del self.attrib['name']
    1083      name = property(_name__get, _name__set, _name__del, doc=_name__get.__doc__)
    1084
    1085 -    def __repr__(self):
    1086          type = getattr(self, 'type', None)
    1087          if type:
    1088              type = ' type=%r' % type
    1089          else:
    1090              type = ''
    1091          return '<%s %x name=%r%s>' % (
    1092              self.__class__.__name__, id(self), self.name, type)
    1093
    1094 -class TextareaElement(InputMixin, HtmlElement):
    1095      """
    1096      ``<textarea>`` element.  You can get the name with ``.name`` and
    1097      get/set the value with ``.value``
    1098      """
    1099
    1100 -    def _value__get(self):
    1101          """
    1102          Get/set the value (which is the contents of this element)
    1103          """
    1104          content = self.text or ''
    1105          if self.tag.startswith("{%s}" % XHTML_NAMESPACE):
    1106              serialisation_method = 'xml'
    1107          else:
    1108              serialisation_method = 'html'
    1109          for el in self:
    1110              # it's rare that we actually get here, so let's not use ''.join()
    1111              content += etree.tostring(
    1112                  el, method=serialisation_method, encoding='unicode')
    1113          return content
    1114 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1115          del self[:]
    1116          self.text = value
    1117 -    def _value__del(self):
    1118          self.text = ''
    1119          del self[:]
    1120      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1121
    1122  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['textarea'] = TextareaElement
    1123
    1124 -class SelectElement(InputMixin, HtmlElement):
    1125      """
    1126      ``<select>`` element.  You can get the name with ``.name``.
    1127
    1128      ``.value`` will be the value of the selected option, unless this
    1129      is a multi-select element (``<select multiple>``), in which case
    1130      it will be a set-like object.  In either case ``.value_options``
    1131      gives the possible values.
    1132
    1133      The boolean attribute ``.multiple`` shows if this is a
    1134      multi-select.
    1135      """
    1136
    1137 -    def _value__get(self):
    1138          """
    1139          Get/set the value of this select (the selected option).
    1140
    1141          If this is a multi-select, this is a set-like object that
    1142          represents all the selected options.
    1143          """
    1144          if self.multiple:
    1145              return MultipleSelectOptions(self)
    1146          for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1147              if el.get('selected') is not None:
    1148                  value = el.get('value')
    1149                  if value is None:
    1150                      value = el.text or ''
    1151                  if value:
    1152                      value = value.strip()
    1153                  return value
    1154          return None
    1155
    1156 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1157          if self.multiple:
    1158              if isinstance(value, basestring):
    1159                  raise TypeError(
    1160                      "You must pass in a sequence")
    1161              self.value.clear()
    1162              self.value.update(value)
    1163              return
    1164          if value is not None:
    1165              value = value.strip()
    1166              for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1167                  opt_value = el.get('value')
    1168                  if opt_value is None:
    1169                      opt_value = el.text or ''
    1170                  if opt_value:
    1171                      opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1172                  if opt_value == value:
    1173                      checked_option = el
    1174                      break
    1175              else:
    1176                  raise ValueError(
    1177                      "There is no option with the value of %r" % value)
    1178          for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1179              if 'selected' in el.attrib:
    1180                  del el.attrib['selected']
    1181          if value is not None:
    1182              checked_option.set('selected', '')
    1183
    1184 -    def _value__del(self):
    1185          # FIXME: should del be allowed at all?
    1186          if self.multiple:
    1187              self.value.clear()
    1188          else:
    1189              self.value = None
    1190
    1191      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1192
    1193 -    def value_options(self):
    1194          """
    1195          All the possible values this select can have (the ``value``
    1196          attribute of all the ``<option>`` elements.
    1197          """
    1198          options = []
    1199          for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1200              value = el.get('value')
    1201              if value is None:
    1202                  value = el.text or ''
    1203              if value:
    1204                  value = value.strip()
    1205              options.append(value)
    1206          return options
    1207      value_options = property(value_options, doc=value_options.__doc__)
    1208
    1209 -    def _multiple__get(self):
    1210          """
    1211          Boolean attribute: is there a ``multiple`` attribute on this element.
    1212          """
    1213          return 'multiple' in self.attrib
    1214 -    def _multiple__set(self, value):
    1215          if value:
    1216              self.set('multiple', '')
    1217          elif 'multiple' in self.attrib:
    1218              del self.attrib['multiple']
    1219      multiple = property(_multiple__get, _multiple__set, doc=_multiple__get.__doc__)
    1220
    1221  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['select'] = SelectElement
    1222
    1223 -class MultipleSelectOptions(SetMixin):
    1224      """
    1225      Represents all the selected options in a ``<select multiple>`` element.
    1226
    1227      You can add to this set-like option to select an option, or remove
    1228      to unselect the option.
    1229      """
    1230
    1231 -    def __init__(self, select):
    1232          self.select = select
    1233
    1234 -    def options(self):
    1235          """
    1236          Iterator of all the ``<option>`` elements.
    1237          """
    1238          return iter(_options_xpath(self.select))
    1239      options = property(options)
    1240
    1241 -    def __iter__(self):
    1242          for option in self.options:
    1243              if 'selected' in option.attrib:
    1244                  opt_value = option.get('value')
    1245                  if opt_value is None:
    1246                      opt_value = option.text or ''
    1247                  if opt_value:
    1248                      opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1249                  yield opt_value
    1250
    1251 -    def add(self, item):
    1252          for option in self.options:
    1253              opt_value = option.get('value')
    1254              if opt_value is None:
    1255                  opt_value = option.text or ''
    1256              if opt_value:
    1257                  opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1258              if opt_value == item:
    1259                  option.set('selected', '')
    1260                  break
    1261          else:
    1262              raise ValueError(
    1263                  "There is no option with the value %r" % item)
    1264
    1265 -    def remove(self, item):
    1266          for option in self.options:
    1267              opt_value = option.get('value')
    1268              if opt_value is None:
    1269                  opt_value = option.text or ''
    1270              if opt_value:
    1271                  opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1272              if opt_value == item:
    1273                  if 'selected' in option.attrib:
    1274                      del option.attrib['selected']
    1275                  else:
    1276                      raise ValueError(
    1277                          "The option %r is not currently selected" % item)
    1278                  break
    1279          else:
    1280              raise ValueError(
    1281                  "There is not option with the value %r" % item)
    1282
    1283 -    def __repr__(self):
    1284          return '<%s {%s} for select name=%r>' % (
    1285              self.__class__.__name__,
    1286              ', '.join([repr(v) for v in self]),
    1287              self.select.name)
    1288
    1289 -class RadioGroup(list):
    1290      """
    1291      This object represents several ``<input type=radio>`` elements
    1292      that have the same name.
    1293
    1294      You can use this like a list, but also use the property
    1295      ``.value`` to check/uncheck inputs.  Also you can use
    1296      ``.value_options`` to get the possible values.
    1297      """
    1298
    1299 -    def _value__get(self):
    1300          """
    1301          Get/set the value, which checks the radio with that value (and
    1302          unchecks any other value).
    1303          """
    1304          for el in self:
    1305              if 'checked' in el.attrib:
    1306                  return el.get('value')
    1307          return None
    1308
    1309 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1310          if value is not None:
    1311              for el in self:
    1312                  if el.get('value') == value:
    1313                      checked_option = el
    1314                      break
    1315              else:
    1316                  raise ValueError(
    1317                      "There is no radio input with the value %r" % value)
    1318          for el in self:
    1319              if 'checked' in el.attrib:
    1320                  del el.attrib['checked']
    1321          if value is not None:
    1322              checked_option.set('checked', '')
    1323
    1324 -    def _value__del(self):
    1325          self.value = None
    1326
    1327      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1328
    1329 -    def value_options(self):
    1330          """
    1331          Returns a list of all the possible values.
    1332          """
    1333          return [el.get('value') for el in self]
    1334      value_options = property(value_options, doc=value_options.__doc__)
    1335
    1336 -    def __repr__(self):
    1337          return '%s(%s)' % (
    1338              self.__class__.__name__,
    1339              list.__repr__(self))
    1340
    1341 -class CheckboxGroup(list):
    1342      """
    1343      Represents a group of checkboxes (``<input type=checkbox>``) that
    1344      have the same name.
    1345
    1346      In addition to using this like a list, the ``.value`` attribute
    1347      returns a set-like object that you can add to or remove from to
    1348      check and uncheck checkboxes.  You can also use ``.value_options``
    1349      to get the possible values.
    1350      """
    1351
    1352 -    def _value__get(self):
    1353          """
    1354          Return a set-like object that can be modified to check or
    1355          uncheck individual checkboxes according to their value.
    1356          """
    1357          return CheckboxValues(self)
    1358 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1359          self.value.clear()
    1360          if not hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
    1361              raise ValueError(
    1362                  "A CheckboxGroup (name=%r) must be set to a sequence (not %r)"
    1363                  % (self[0].name, value))
    1364          self.value.update(value)
    1365 -    def _value__del(self):
    1366          self.value.clear()
    1367      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1368
    1369 -    def value_options(self):
    1370          """
    1371          Returns a list of all the possible values.
    1372          """
    1373          return [el.get('value') for el in self]
    1374      value_options = property(value_options, doc=value_options.__doc__)
    1375
    1376 -    def __repr__(self):
    1377          return '%s(%s)' % (
    1378              self.__class__.__name__, list.__repr__(self))
    1379
    1380 -class CheckboxValues(SetMixin):
    1381
    1382      """
    1383      Represents the values of the checked checkboxes in a group of
    1384      checkboxes with the same name.
    1385      """
    1386
    1387 -    def __init__(self, group):
    1388          self.group = group
    1389
    1390 -    def __iter__(self):
    1391          return iter([
    1392              el.get('value')
    1393              for el in self.group
    1394              if 'checked' in el.attrib])
    1395
    1396 -    def add(self, value):
    1397          for el in self.group:
    1398              if el.get('value') == value:
    1399                  el.set('checked', '')
    1400                  break
    1401          else:
    1402              raise KeyError("No checkbox with value %r" % value)
    1403
    1404 -    def remove(self, value):
    1405          for el in self.group:
    1406              if el.get('value') == value:
    1407                  if 'checked' in el.attrib:
    1408                      del el.attrib['checked']
    1409                  else:
    1410                      raise KeyError(
    1411                          "The checkbox with value %r was already unchecked" % value)
    1412                  break
    1413          else:
    1414              raise KeyError(
    1415                  "No checkbox with value %r" % value)
    1416
    1417 -    def __repr__(self):
    1418          return '<%s {%s} for checkboxes name=%r>' % (
    1419              self.__class__.__name__,
    1420              ', '.join([repr(v) for v in self]),
    1421              self.group.name)
    1422
    1423 -class InputElement(InputMixin, HtmlElement):
    1424      """
    1425      Represents an ``<input>`` element.
    1426
    1427      You can get the type with ``.type`` (which is lower-cased and
    1428      defaults to ``'text'``).
    1429
    1430      Also you can get and set the value with ``.value``
    1431
    1432      Checkboxes and radios have the attribute ``input.checkable ==
    1433      True`` (for all others it is false) and a boolean attribute
    1434      ``.checked``.
    1435
    1436      """
    1437
    1438      ## FIXME: I'm a little uncomfortable with the use of .checked
    1439 -    def _value__get(self):
    1440          """
    1441          Get/set the value of this element, using the ``value`` attribute.
    1442
    1443          Also, if this is a checkbox and it has no value, this defaults
    1444          to ``'on'``.  If it is a checkbox or radio that is not
    1445          checked, this returns None.
    1446          """
    1447          if self.checkable:
    1448              if self.checked:
    1449                  return self.get('value') or 'on'
    1450              else:
    1451                  return None
    1452          return self.get('value')
    1453 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1454          if self.checkable:
    1455              if not value:
    1456                  self.checked = False
    1457              else:
    1458                  self.checked = True
    1459                  if isinstance(value, basestring):
    1460                      self.set('value', value)
    1461          else:
    1462              self.set('value', value)
    1463 -    def _value__del(self):
    1464          if self.checkable:
    1465              self.checked = False
    1466          else:
    1467              if 'value' in self.attrib:
    1468                  del self.attrib['value']
    1469      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1470
    1471 -    def _type__get(self):
    1472          """
    1473          Return the type of this element (using the type attribute).
    1474          """
    1475          return self.get('type', 'text').lower()
    1476 -    def _type__set(self, value):
    1477          self.set('type', value)
    1478      type = property(_type__get, _type__set, doc=_type__get.__doc__)
    1479
    1480 -    def checkable(self):
    1481          """
    1482          Boolean: can this element be checked?
    1483          """
    1484          return self.type in ['checkbox', 'radio']
    1485      checkable = property(checkable, doc=checkable.__doc__)
    1486
    1487 -    def _checked__get(self):
    1488          """
    1489          Boolean attribute to get/set the presence of the ``checked``
    1490          attribute.
    1491
    1492          You can only use this on checkable input types.
    1493          """
    1494          if not self.checkable:
    1495              raise AttributeError('Not a checkable input type')
    1496          return 'checked' in self.attrib
    1497 -    def _checked__set(self, value):
    1498          if not self.checkable:
    1499              raise AttributeError('Not a checkable input type')
    1500          if value:
    1501              self.set('checked', '')
    1502          else:
    1503              if 'checked' in self.attrib:
    1504                  del self.attrib['checked']
    1505      checked = property(_checked__get, _checked__set, doc=_checked__get.__doc__)
    1506
    1507  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['input'] = InputElement
    1508
    1509 -class LabelElement(HtmlElement):
    1510      """
    1511      Represents a ``<label>`` element.
    1512
    1513      Label elements are linked to other elements with their ``for``
    1514      attribute.  You can access this element with ``label.for_element``.
    1515      """
    1516
    1517 -    def _for_element__get(self):
    1518          """
    1519          Get/set the element this label points to.  Return None if it
    1520          can't be found.
    1521          """
    1522          id = self.get('for')
    1523          if not id:
    1524              return None
    1525          return self.body.get_element_by_id(id)
    1526 -    def _for_element__set(self, other):
    1527          id = other.get('id')
    1528          if not id:
    1529              raise TypeError(
    1530                  "Element %r has no id attribute" % other)
    1531          self.set('for', id)
    1532 -    def _for_element__del(self):
    1533          if 'id' in self.attrib:
    1534              del self.attrib['id']
    1535      for_element = property(_for_element__get, _for_element__set, _for_element__del,
    1536                             doc=_for_element__get.__doc__)
    1537
    1538  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['label'] = LabelElement
    1539
    1540  ############################################################
    1541  ## Serialization
    1542  ############################################################
    1543
    1544 -def html_to_xhtml(html):
    1545      """Convert all tags in an HTML tree to XHTML by moving them to the
    1546      XHTML namespace.
    1547      """
    1548      try:
    1549          html = html.getroot()
    1550      except AttributeError:
    1551          pass
    1552      prefix = "{%s}" % XHTML_NAMESPACE
    1553      for el in html.iter(etree.Element):
    1554          tag = el.tag
    1555          if tag[0] != '{':
    1556              el.tag = prefix + tag
    1557
    1558 -def xhtml_to_html(xhtml):
    1559      """Convert all tags in an XHTML tree to HTML by removing their
    1560      XHTML namespace.
    1561      """
    1562      try:
    1563          xhtml = xhtml.getroot()
    1564      except AttributeError:
    1565          pass
    1566      prefix = "{%s}" % XHTML_NAMESPACE
    1567      prefix_len = len(prefix)
    1568      for el in xhtml.iter(prefix + "*"):
    1569          el.tag = el.tag[prefix_len:]
    1570
    1571  # This isn't a general match, but it's a match for what libxml2
    1572  # specifically serialises:
    1573  __str_replace_meta_content_type = re.compile(
    1574      r'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"[^>]*>').sub
    1575  __bytes_replace_meta_content_type = re.compile(
    1576      r'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"[^>]*>'.encode('ASCII')).sub
    1577
    1578 -def tostring(doc, pretty_print=False, include_meta_content_type=False,
    1579               encoding=None, method="html", with_tail=True, doctype=None):
    1580      """Return an HTML string representation of the document.
    1581
    1582      Note: if include_meta_content_type is true this will create a
    1583      ``<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" ...>`` tag in the head;
    1584      regardless of the value of include_meta_content_type any existing
    1585      ``<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" ...>`` tag will be removed
    1586
    1587      The ``encoding`` argument controls the output encoding (defauts to
    1588      ASCII, with &#...; character references for any characters outside
    1589      of ASCII).  Note that you can pass the name ``'unicode'`` as
    1590      ``encoding`` argument to serialise to a Unicode string.
    1591
    1592      The ``method`` argument defines the output method.  It defaults to
    1593      'html', but can also be 'xml' for xhtml output, or 'text' to
    1594      serialise to plain text without markup.
    1595
    1596      To leave out the tail text of the top-level element that is being
    1597      serialised, pass ``with_tail=False``.
    1598
    1599      The ``doctype`` option allows passing in a plain string that will
    1600      be serialised before the XML tree.  Note that passing in non
    1601      well-formed content here will make the XML output non well-formed.
    1602      Also, an existing doctype in the document tree will not be removed
    1603      when serialising an ElementTree instance.
    1604
    1605      Example::
    1606
    1607          >>> from lxml import html
    1608          >>> root = html.fragment_fromstring('<p>Hello<br>world!</p>')
    1609
    1610          >>> html.tostring(root)
    1611          b'<p>Hello<br>world!</p>'
    1612          >>> html.tostring(root, method='html')
    1613          b'<p>Hello<br>world!</p>'
    1614
    1615          >>> html.tostring(root, method='xml')
    1616          b'<p>Hello<br/>world!</p>'
    1617
    1618          >>> html.tostring(root, method='text')
    1619          b'Helloworld!'
    1620
    1621          >>> html.tostring(root, method='text', encoding='unicode')
    1622          u'Helloworld!'
    1623
    1624          >>> root = html.fragment_fromstring('<div><p>Hello<br>world!</p>TAIL</div>')
    1625          >>> html.tostring(root[0], method='text', encoding='unicode')
    1626          u'Helloworld!TAIL'
    1627
    1628          >>> html.tostring(root[0], method='text', encoding='unicode', with_tail=False)
    1629          u'Helloworld!'
    1630
    1631          >>> doc = html.document_fromstring('<p>Hello<br>world!</p>')
    1632          >>> html.tostring(doc, method='html', encoding='unicode')
    1633          u'<html><body><p>Hello<br>world!</p></body></html>'
    1634
    1635          >>> print(html.tostring(doc, method='html', encoding='unicode',
    1636          ...          doctype='<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"'
    1637          ...                  ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">'))
    1638          <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
    1639          <html><body><p>Hello<br>world!</p></body></html>
    1640      """
    1641      html = etree.tostring(doc, method=method, pretty_print=pretty_print,
    1642                            encoding=encoding, with_tail=with_tail,
    1643                            doctype=doctype)
    1644      if method == 'html' and not include_meta_content_type:
    1645          if isinstance(html, str):
    1646              html = __str_replace_meta_content_type('', html)
    1647          else:
    1648              html = __bytes_replace_meta_content_type(bytes(), html)
    1649      return html
    1650
    1651  tostring.__doc__ = __fix_docstring(tostring.__doc__)
    1652
    1653 -def open_in_browser(doc, encoding=None):
    1654      """
    1655      Open the HTML document in a web browser, saving it to a temporary
    1656      file to open it.  Note that this does not delete the file after
    1657      use.  This is mainly meant for debugging.
    1658      """
    1659      import os
    1660      import webbrowser
    1661      import tempfile
    1662      if not isinstance(doc, etree._ElementTree):
    1663          doc = etree.ElementTree(doc)
    1664      handle, fn = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix='.html')
    1665      f = os.fdopen(handle, 'wb')
    1666      try:
    1667          doc.write(f, method="html", encoding=encoding or doc.docinfo.encoding or "UTF-8")
    1668      finally:
    1669          # we leak the file itself here, but we should at least close it
    1670          f.close()
    1671      url = 'file://' + fn.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
    1672      print(url)
    1673      webbrowser.open(url)
    1674
    1675  ################################################################################
    1676  # configure Element class lookup
    1677  ################################################################################
    1678
    1679 -class HTMLParser(etree.HTMLParser):
    1680      """An HTML parser that is configured to return lxml.html Element
    1681      objects.
    1682      """
    1683 -    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
    1684          super(HTMLParser, self).__init__(**kwargs)
    1685          self.set_element_class_lookup(HtmlElementClassLookup())
    1686
    1687 -class XHTMLParser(etree.XMLParser):
    1688      """An XML parser that is configured to return lxml.html Element
    1689      objects.
    1690
    1691      Note that this parser is not really XHTML aware unless you let it
    1692      load a DTD that declares the HTML entities.  To do this, make sure
    1693      you have the XHTML DTDs installed in your catalogs, and create the
    1694      parser like this::
    1695
    1696          >>> parser = XHTMLParser(load_dtd=True)
    1697
    1698      If you additionally want to validate the document, use this::
    1699
    1700          >>> parser = XHTMLParser(dtd_validation=True)
    1701
    1702      For catalog support, see http://www.xmlsoft.org/catalog.html.
    1703      """
    1704 -    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
    1705          super(XHTMLParser, self).__init__(**kwargs)
    1706          self.set_element_class_lookup(HtmlElementClassLookup())
    1707
    1708 -def Element(*args, **kw):
    1709      """Create a new HTML Element.
    1710
    1711      This can also be used for XHTML documents.
    1712      """
    1713      v = html_parser.makeelement(*args, **kw)
    1714      return v
    1715
    1716  html_parser = HTMLParser()
    1717  xhtml_parser = XHTMLParser()
    1718