Globbing

Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide:
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# 18.2. Globbing

Bash itself cannot recognize Regular Expressions. Inside scripts, it is commands and utilities -- such as sed and awk -- that interpret RE's.

Bash does carry out filename expansion [1] -- a process known as globbing -- but this does not use the standard RE set. Instead, globbing recognizes and expands wild cards. Globbing interprets the standard wild card characters [2] -- * and ?, character lists in square brackets, and certain other special characters (such as ^ for negating the sense of a match). There are important limitations on wild card characters in globbing, however. Strings containing `*` will not match filenames that start with a dot, as, for example, `.bashrc`. [3] Likewise, the `?` has a different meaning in globbing than as part of an RE.

    bash$ ls -l
    total 2
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 a.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       466 Aug  6 17:48 t2.sh
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       758 Jul 30 09:02 test1.txt

    bash$ ls -l t?.sh
    -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       466 Aug  6 17:48 t2.sh

    bash$ ls -l [ab]*
    -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 a.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1

    bash$ ls -l [a-c]*
    -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 a.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1

    bash$ ls -l [^ab]*
    -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       466 Aug  6 17:48 t2.sh
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       758 Jul 30 09:02 test1.txt

    bash$ ls -l {b*,c*,*est*}
    -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1
     -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       758 Jul 30 09:02 test1.txt

Bash performs filename expansion on unquoted command-line arguments. The echo command demonstrates this.

    bash$ echo *
    a.1 b.1 c.1 t2.sh test1.txt

    bash$ echo t*
    t2.sh test1.txt

    bash$ echo t?.sh
    t2.sh

| It is possible to modify the way Bash interprets special characters in globbing. A set -f command disables globbing, and the `nocaseglob` and `nullglob` options to shopt change globbing behavior.

See also Example 11-5.

| Filenames with embedded whitespace can cause globbing to choke. David Wheeler shows how to avoid many such pitfalls.
    IFS="$(printf '\n\t')"   # Remove space.

    #  Correct glob use:
    #  Always use for-loop, prefix glob, check if exists file.
    for file in ./* ; do         # Use ./* ... NEVER bare *
      if [ -e "$file" ] ; then   # Check whether file exists.
         COMMAND ... "$file" ...
      fi
    done

    # This example taken from David Wheeler's site, with permission.

### Notes

[1] | Filename expansion means expanding filename patterns or templates containing special characters. For example, `example.???` might expand to `example.001` and/or `example.txt`.
[2] | A wild card character, analogous to a wild card in poker, can represent (almost) any other character.
[3] | Filename expansion can match dotfiles, but only if the pattern explicitly includes the dot as a literal character.
    ~/[.]bashrc    #  Will not expand to ~/.bashrc
    ~/?bashrc      #  Neither will this.
                   #  Wild cards and metacharacters will NOT
                   #+ expand to a dot in globbing.

    ~/.[b]ashrc    #  Will expand to ~/.bashrc
    ~/.ba?hrc      #  Likewise.
    ~/.bashr*      #  Likewise.

    # Setting the "dotglob" option turns this off.

    # Thanks, S.C.

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