Kernels (Русский) - ArchWiki

# Kernels (Русский)

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Из Wikipedia:

  Ядро́ — центральная часть операционной системы (ОС), обеспечивающая приложениям координированный доступ к ресурсам компьютера, таким как процессорное время, память, внешнее аппаратное обеспечение, внешнее устройство ввода и вывода информации. Также обычно ядро предоставляет сервисы файловой системы и сетевых протоколов.

Существуют различные альтернативные доступные ядра Arch Linux в дополнение к магистральным Linux ядрам. В этой статье перечислены некоторые из вариантов, имеющихся в хранилищах, с кратким описанием каждого из них. Существует также описание патчей, которые могут быть применены к ядру. Статья заканчивается обзором пользовательской компиляции ядра со ссылками на различные методы.

## Precompiled kernels

### Official packages

linux
  Ядро Linux из репозитория [core]. Vanilla kernel из three patches applied (по состоянию на 3.1.3-1).

linux-lts
  Версия ядра Linux и модулей с долгосрочной поддержкой (LTS - Long Term Support) из репозитория [core].

### AUR packages

linux-bfs
  Ядро Linux и модули с Brain Fuck Scheduler (BFS) - созданные Con Kolivas для PC с меньшим, чем 4096 ядрами и BFQ I/O scheduler в качестве дополнительного.

linux-ck
  Ядро Linux собранное с набором патчей от Con Kolivas.
  Additional options which can be toggled on/off in the PKGBUILD include: BFQ scheduler, nconfig, localmodconfig and use running kernel's config.

  Эти патчи предназначены для улучшения отклика системы с особым упором на PC, но подходит для любой рабочей нагрузки. Ck патчи включают BFS.

  За дополнительной информацией и инструкциями по установке, обратитесь к основной статье linux-ck.

linux-eee-ck
  The Linux Kernel and modules for the Asus Eee PC 701, built with Con Kolivas' ck1 patchset.

linux-fbcondecor
  The Linux Kernel and modules with fbcondecor support.

linux-grsec
  The Linux Kernel and modules with grsecurity and PaX patches for increased security.

linux-ice
  The Linux Kernel and modules with gentoo-sources patchset and TuxOnIce support.

linux-lqx
  Liquorix is a distro kernel replacement built using the best configuration and kernel sources for desktop, multimedia, and gaming workloads, often used as a Debian Linux performance replacement kernel. damentz, the maintainer of the Liquorix patchset, is a developer for the Zen patchset as well, so many of the improvements there are found in this patchset.

linux-pax
  The Linux Kernel and modules with PaX patches for increased security.

linux-pf
  Linux kernel and modules with the pf-kernel patchset [-ck patchset (BFS included), TuxOnIce, BFQ], aufs2 and squashfs-lzma.

linux-vanilla[broken link: package not found]
  The Linux vanilla kernel and modules without Arch Linux patches.

linux-zen
  The Zen Kernel is a the result of a collaborative effort of kernel hackers to provide the best Linux kernel possible for every day systems.

kernel-netbook
  Static kernel for netbooks with Intel Atom N270/N280/N450/N550 such as the Eee PC with the add-on of external firmware (broadcom-wl) and patchset (BFS + TuxOnIce + BFQ optional) - Only Intel GPU

linux-lts-tresor
  The stable LTS Linux Kernel and modules with integrated TRESOR

## Patches and Patchsets

There are lots of reasons to patch your kernel, the major ones are for performance or support for non-mainline features such as reiser4 file system support. Other reasons might include fun and to see how it is done and what the improvements are.

However, it is important to note that the best way to increase the speed of your system is to first tailor your kernel to your system, especially the architecture and processor type. For this reason using pre-packaged versions of custom kernels with generic architecture settings is not recommended or really worth it. A further benefit is that you can reduce the size of your kernel (and therefore build time) by not including support for things you do not have or use. For example, I always start with the stock kernel config when a new kernel version is released and I remove support for things like bluetooth, video4linux, 1000Mbit ethernet, etc. Stuff I know I won't use before I build my next kernel! However, this page is not about customizing your kernel config but I would recommend that as a first step to be combined with a patchset later.

### How to install

The installation process of custom kernel packages relies on the Arch Build System (ABS). If you haven't built any custom packages yet you may consult the following articles: Arch Build System and Creating packages.

If you haven't actually patched or customized a kernel before it is not that hard and there are many PKGBUILDs on the forum for individual patchsets. However, I would advise you to start from scratch with a bit of research on the benefits of each patchset rather than jumping on the nearest bandwagon! This way you'll learn much more about what you are doing rather than just choosing a kernel at startup and wondering what it actually does.

See #Compilation.

### Major patchsets

First of all it is important to note that patchsets are developed by a variety of people. Some of these people are actually involved in the production of the linux kernel and others are hobbyists, which may reflect its level of reliability and stability.

It is also worth noting that some patchsets are built on the back of other patchsets (which may or may not be reflected in the title of the patch). Patchsets (and kernel updates) can be released very frequently and often it is not worth keeping up with ALL of them so do not go crazy, unless you make it your hobby!

You can search google for more sets - remember to use quotes `"-nitro"` for example otherwise google will deliberately NOT show the results you want!

Обратите внимание: This section is for information only - clearly no guarantees of stability or reliability are implied by inclusion on this page.

#### -ck

These are patches designed to improve system responsiveness with specific emphasis on the desktop, but suitable to any workload. The patches are created and maintained by Con Kolivas, his site is at http://users.on.net/~ckolivas/kernel/. Con maintains a full set but also provides the patches broken down so you can add only those you prefer.

The -ck patches can be found at http://ck.kolivas.org/patches/3.0/

#### -rt

This patchset is maintained by a small group of core developers, led by Ingo Molnar. This patch allows nearly all of the kernel to be preempted, with the exception of a few very small regions of code ("raw_spinlock critical regions"). This is done by replacing most kernel spinlocks with mutexes that support priority inheritance, as well as moving all interrupt and software interrupts to kernel threads.

It further incorporates high resolution timers - a patch set, which is independently maintained.

[as said from the Real-Time Linux Wiki]

patch at http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/

#### -bld

BLD is best described as a O(1) CPU picking technique. Which is done by reordering CPU runqueues based on runqueue loads. In other words, it keeps the scheduler aware of the load changes, which helps scheduler to keep runqueues in an order. This technique doesn't depend on scheduler ticks. The two most simple things in this technique are: load tracking and runqueue ordering; these are relatively simpler operations. Load tracking will be done whenever a load change happens on the system and based on this load change runqueue will be ordered. So, if we have an ordered runqueue from lowest to highest, then picking the less (or even busiest) runqueue is easy. Scheduler can pick the lowest runqueue without calculation and comparison at the time of placing a task in a runqueue. And while trying to distribute load at sched_exec and sched_fork our best choice is to pick the lowest busiest runqueue of the system. And in this way, system remains balanced without doing any load balancing. At the time of try_to_wake_up picking the idlest runqueue is topmost priority but it has been done as per domain basis to utilize CPU cache properly and it's an area where more concentration is requires.

Google code Webpage: http://code.google.com/p/bld/

Patches are only available for 3.3-rc3, 3.4-rc4 and 3.5.0.

Важно: This scheduler is highly in development.

#### -grsecurity

Grsecurity is a security focused patchset. It adds numerous security related features such as Role-Based Access Control and utilizes features of the PaX project. It can be used on a desktop but a public server would receive the greatest benefit. Some applications are incompatible with the additional security measures implemented by this patchset. If this occurs, consider using a lower security level.

The -grsecurity patches can be found at http://grsecurity.net

#### Tiny-Patches

The goal of Linux Tiny is to reduce its memory and disk footprint, as well as to add features to aid working on small systems. Target users are developers of embedded system and users of small or legacy machines such as 386s.

Patch releases against the mainstream Linux kernel have been discontinued. The developers chose to focus on a few patches and spend their time trying to get them merged into the mainline kernel.

#### -pf

pf-kernel[broken link: package not found] is yet another Linux kernel fork which provides you with a handful of awesome features not merged into mainline. It is based on neither existing Linux fork nor patchset, although some unofficial ports may be used if required patches haven't been released officially. The most prominent patches of linux-pf are TuxOnIce, the CK patchset (most notably BFS), AUFS3, LinuxIMQ, l7 filter and BFQ.

### Individual patches

These are patches which can be simply included in any build of a vanilla kernel or incorporated (probably with some major tweaking) into another patchset. I have included some common ones for starters.

#### Reiser4

Reiser4

#### Gensplash/fbsplash

Gensplash - http://dev.gentoo.org/~spock/projects/

## Compilation

Arch Linux provides for several methods of kernel compilation.

### Using the Arch Build System (recommended)

Using the Arch Build System is recommended to take advantage of the high quality of the existing linux PKGBUILD and the benefits of package management. The PKGBUILD is structured so that you can stop the build after the source is downloaded and configure the kernel.

See Kernels/Compilation/Arch Build System.

### Traditional

This method involves manually downloading a source tarball, and building in your home directory as normal user. Once configured, two compilation/installation methods are offered; the traditional manual method as well as makepkg/pacman.

An advantage of the traditional method is that it will work on other Linux distributions.

See Kernels/Compilation/Traditional.

### Proprietary NVIDIA driver

See NVIDIA#Alternate install: custom kernel for instructions on using the proprietary NVIDIA driver with a custom kernel.

## See also

- O'Reilly - Linux Kernel in a Nutshell (free ebook)

Categories:

- Kernel (Русский)
- Русский