Visualization of the pictures created This chapter describes two easy ways to visualize the images created by using the &IntPic; package. Both require &LaTeX; and some &LaTeX; packages, such as Tikz and pgf, to be installed and working. One of the ways we will describe is almost completely automatic. It makes use of the function Splash, borrowed from the &Viz; package. The other is not so automatic but has the advantage of not requiring other packages, besides the &LaTeX; ones, and should work in any operation system.

Viewing using Viz Producing and displaying a picture from a tikz string tkz may me achieved in a simple way. (Warning: extenvive tests have only been done with Linux.) One just have to type the following:

    IP_Splash(tkz);

A picture is popped up after this use of the function IP_Splash.. To see the name of the temporary directory created to perform the computations, and thus being able to copy the files involved to any other place, one should set the info level InfoViz to 1 or more. The following example illustrates this and the use of some options of the function IP_Splash. For instance, the pdf viewer can be changed.

    gap> SetInfoLevel(InfoViz,1);
    gap> IP_Splash(tkz,rec(viewer:="okular"));
    #I  The temporary directory used is: /tmp/tmJcpphI/

The temporary directory /tmp/tmJcpphI/ contains the file and vizpicture.tex. The file vizpicture.tex is the &LaTeX; document to be processed. Other files, namely the vizpicture.pdf are created by the pdflatex command that is called by the IP_Splash function.

Warning: In the case of large pictures, it may happen the &LaTeX; memory being exceeded. In this case, no image is produced and the user is not warned.
Viewing without using Viz This section describes a way to visualize images without sing &Viz;. Besides being useful in the case of not having a working copy of &Viz;, it is rather convenient when the decision of where to save the pictures is made. In this case, you may start your gap session in the desired place, the working directory. Furthermore, if your intention is, for instance, to include the images in a document, you may just decide the name for the file containing the tikz code and let your document input it. The glogal variables IP_Preamble and Closing can be used to pruduce a complete &LaTeX; document rather than only the tizk code for the picture. The document may then be processed by using pdflatex and the picture viewed by using some pdf viewer. The pdf produced can be included in a &LaTeX; document instead of the tizk code. In the later case, the code is processed each time the document is processed, which should perhaps be avoided in the case of large images.

Note the use of the preview package, which is used to produce the complete picture without having to pay attention to the paper size nor to crop the image. It is useful for viewing purposes and also to include the pdf file produced in a &LaTeX; document to be processed with pdflatex.

    gap> Print(IP_Preamble);
    \documentclass{minimal}
    \usepackage{amsmath}
    \usepackage[active,tightpage]{preview}
    \setlength\PreviewBorder{1pt}
    \usepackage{pgf}
    \usepackage{tikz}
    \usepgfmodule{plot}
    \usepgflibrary{plothandlers}
    \usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}
    \usetikzlibrary{shadings}
    \begin{document}
    \begin{preview}

    gap> Print(IP_Closing);
    \end{preview}
    \end{document}

A complete example Admit you want to produce a document which contains the picture corresponding to the tikz code obtained through the instructions

    arr := [[1,2,3,4,5,6],[1,2,3,4,5],[1,2,3,4],[1,2,3],[1,2],[1]];;
    tkz := IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers([1..10],5,rec(highlights:=arr));;

The picture is: \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/pic_for_complete_document.pdf} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/pic_for_complete_document.jpg"></center><br> The elements of the set [1,2,3,4,5,6] are highlighted using the first color (red); those of the set [1,2,3,4,5] are highlighted using the second color (green); those of the set [1,2,3,4] are highlighted using the third color (blue); those of the set [1,2,3] are highlighted using the fourth color (cyan); those of the set [1,2] are highlighted using the fifth color (magenta); those of the set [1] is highlighted using the sixth color (yellow).

Let us explain how the six colors used for the cell containing 1 are distributed: upper left corner -- red; upper right corner -- green; lower left corner -- blue; lower right corner -- cyan; the number -- magenta; the border -- yellow.

The colors of the cell containing 2 and 3 are distributed in a similar way.

The colors of the cell containing 4: left -- red; middle -- blue; right -- green.

After the session listed below, the files tikz_pic_for_complete_document.tex and pic_for_complete_document.tex have been created in the current directory (that is, the one where the &GAP; session has started). For other directories, complete paths may have to be given.

    gap> tikzfile := "tikz_pic_for_complete_document.tex";;
    gap> file := "pic_for_complete_document.tex";;
    gap>
    gap> arr := [[1,2,3,4,5,6],[1,2,3,4,5],[1,2,3,4],[1,2,3],[1,2],[1]];;
    gap> tkz := IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers([1..10],5,rec(highlights:=arr));;
    gap>
    gap> FileString(tikzfile,tkz);
    642
    gap> FileString(file,Concatenation(IP_Preamble,tkz,IP_Closing));
    961

Executing something like

    pdflatex pic_for_complete_document.tex
    convert pic_for_complete_document.pdf pic_for_complete_document.jpg

the pdf and the jpg formats of the image have been created. The jpg format is usefull to be included into an html document, for instance.

Note that the tikz code has been saved into the file tikz_pic_for_complete_document.tex. A complete example of a &LaTeX; document follows.

    \documentclass{article}
    \usepackage{amsmath}
    %\usepackage[active,tightpage]{preview}
    %\setlength\PreviewBorder{1pt}
    \usepackage{pgf}
    \usepackage{tikz}
    \usepgfmodule{plot}
    \usepgflibrary{plothandlers}
    \usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric}
    \usetikzlibrary{shadings}
    \usepackage{graphicx}
    \author{Author}
    \title{How to include images in a \LaTeX\ document}
    \date{June, 2013}
    \begin{document}
    %\begin{preview}
    \maketitle
    Using the pdf file:

    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{../images/pic_for_complete_document.pdf}
    \end{center}

    Using the PGF/TikZ code:

    \begin{center}
    \input{../images/tikz_pic_for_complete_document.tex}
    \end{center}
    If you want to scale this immage, please chang the ``scale'' in the file
    \textt{tikz_pic_for_complete_document.tex}
    %\end{preview}
    \end{document}

The output, after processing with pdflatex is as follows: \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/complete_latex_document.pdf} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/complete_latex_document.jpg"></center><br>
Other examples of use of the IntPic package Varia The following example shows how to produce tikz code for a picture containing the odd integers from 801 to 999. Each line (except the highest) contains 15 cells.
gap> rg := Filtered([801..889],u->(u mod 2)<>0);; gap> flen := 15;; gap> twins := Filtered(Primes, p -> p + 2 in Primes);; gap> arr := [Primes,Union(twins,twins+2),Filtered(rg,u->(u mod 3)=0)];; gap> tkz := IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers(rg,flen,rec(highlights:=arr));;
The picture obtained highlights the primes, the twin primes and the multiples of 3. As the twins are also primes, a gradient is used to highlight them. In this example the default list of colors is used. \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/primesandtwinsamongodd} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/primesandtwinsamongodd.jpg"></center><br> The same computations, but defining other color lists.
gap> cls := IP_ColorsCompRedTones;; gap> rg := Filtered([801..889],u->(u mod 2)<>0);; gap> flen := 15;; gap> twins := Filtered(Primes, p -> p + 2 in Primes);; gap> arr := [Primes,Union(twins,twins+2),Filtered(rg,u->(u mod 3)=0)];; gap> tkz := IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers(rg,flen,rec(colors := cls,highlights:=arr));;
\begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/primesandtwinsamongodd_comp_red} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/primesandtwinsamongodd_comp_red.jpg"></center><br>
gap> cls := IP_ColorsDGrayTones;; gap> rg := Filtered([801..889],u->(u mod 2)<>0);; gap> flen := 15;; gap> twins := Filtered(Primes, p -> p + 2 in Primes);; gap> arr := [Primes,Union(twins,twins+2),Filtered(rg,u->(u mod 3)=0)];; gap> tkz := IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers(rg,flen,rec(colors := cls,highlights:=arr));;
\begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/primesandtwinsamongodd_dark_gray} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/primesandtwinsamongodd_dark_gray.jpg"></center><br>
gap> cls := ["blue","-blue","black"];; gap> rg := Filtered([801..889],u->(u mod 2)<>0);; gap> flen := 15;; gap> twins := Filtered(Primes, p -> p + 2 in Primes);; gap> arr := [Primes,Union(twins,twins+2),Filtered(rg,u->(u mod 3)=0)];; gap> tkz := IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers(rg,flen,rec( colors := cls,highlights:=arr));;
\begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/primesandtwinsamongodd_other} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/primesandtwinsamongodd_other.jpg"></center><br> The following example uses the http://www.fc.up.pt/cmup/mdelgado/numericalsgps NumericalSgps package.
gap> #LoadPackage("numericalsgps"); gap> gap> ns := NumericalSemigroup(11,19,30,42,59);; gap> cls := ShuffleIP_Colors([IP_ColorsGreenTones,IP_ColorsCompBlueTones]);; gap> flen := 20;; gap> #some notable elements gap> arr := [SmallElementsOfNumericalSemigroup(ns), > GapsOfNumericalSemigroup(ns), > MinimalGeneratingSystemOfNumericalSemigroup(ns), > FundamentalGapsOfNumericalSemigroup(ns), > [ConductorOfNumericalSemigroup(ns)], > PseudoFrobeniusOfNumericalSemigroup(ns)];; gap> gap> tkz := IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers(flen,rec(colors := cls,highlights:=arr));;
\begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/numericalsgp_notable} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/numericalsgp_notable.jpg"></center><br> Using the default colors \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{../images/numericalsgp_notable_df_colors} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/numericalsgp_notable_df_colors.jpg"></center><br> The banner The code in the following example has been used to produce one possible banner for the homepage of the &IntPic; package. It is a nice picture that gives an idea about the primes less than 10000. Of course, other ranges could have been chosen. I warn the user that pictures involving a large amount of data may face the problem of exceeding &TeX; capacity...
gap> row_length := 200;; # the legth of each row gap> columns := 50;; # the number of colums gap> n := row_length*columns; 10000 gap> gap> ##compute the primes less than n gap> # Primes is a GAP variable representing the list of primes less than 1000 gap> mp := Maximum(Primes); 997 gap> newprimes := [];; gap> while mp < n do > mp := NextPrimeInt(mp); > Add(newprimes, mp); > od; gap> small_primes := Union(Primes, newprimes);; gap> ##compute the first element of each pair of twin primes less than n gap> twins := Filtered(small_primes, p -> IsPrime(p+2));; gap> gap> rg := [1..n];; gap> gap> arr := [Intersection(small_primes,rg),[],[], > Intersection(Union(twins,twins+2),rg),[],[],[],[],[],[],[], > [],[],[],[],[],[],Difference(rg,small_primes)];; gap> gap> tkz:=IP_TikzArrayOfIntegers([1..n],row_length,rec(highlights:=arr, > cell_width := "6",colsep:="0",rowsep:="0",inner_sep:="2", > shape_only:=" ",line_width:="0",line_color:="black!20" ));;
\begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.99\textwidth]{../images/intpic_banner.pdf} \end{center} <br><center><img src="../images/intpic_banner.jpg"></center><br>